That we may celebrate — grave at Washington’s Crossing park symbolizes valor that freed a land
December 21st, 2009By GEORGE J. BANCROFT
Copyright 1990
In several days, in religious ceremony and by the giving of gifts, we celebrate
Christmas. For many it is a joyous time; others — the homeless, the poor and
those who live alone — live it as just one more day in their lives.
But there is another significance to the day. More than 200 years ago, poorly
fed and poorly clothed men spent Christmas Day marching along the course of the
Delaware River toward Trenton, N.J. Their goal was to engage there the Hessian
troops fighting for the British. They didn’t know that their efforts would be
one of the greatest gifts given to mankind; that their struggle would prove a
key event in establishing a nation of free men.
Most of them crossed the Delaware from what is now Washington Crossing State
Park, Bucks County, where each year a re-enactment of their crossing draws
thousands of spectators from many states. There were some who did not make the
original crossing, however. They lie today in graves along the Delaware in the
upper portion of that park.
There are an unknown number of men there — among America’s first Unknown
Soldiers — and the identity of only one of them is certain. Viewing the graves,
one imagines and wonders what kind of men they were, to confront a superior
enemy again and again, suffering a string of battlefield defeats, and then not
knowing the outcome of the battle for which they’d given their lives in
anonymous heroism while awaiting the call to action.
Imagine you are one of those men, a Captain James Moore from New York, friend
of, and likely commanded by, a young Alexander Hamilton. It is to your grave,
legend has it, that Hamilton later returned to order a tombstone erected.
Imagine it is Christmas 1776, and you are chronicling your days in a letter to
be posted to your parents — Benjamin and Cornelia Moore of New York. Though
just 24 years and 8 months old, you have accompanied Gen. Washington and his
army through a disastrous five months since the signing of the Declaration of
Independence in Philadelphia. Imagine you’re cold, sick, tired and hungry. And
so you write:
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Dear father,
It is cold here in this sylvan setting … too cold for the men to voice
complaint. Least of all I, quartered in this brownstone home at the base of a
large hill, should bemoan my circumstances.
Many among us, including I, are ill now for some days. It is the camp fever. I
would venture that it is brought on by the unceasing cold, by the lack of
shelter from the sharp sleet, by the scant rations.
The five months since the signing in Philadelphia have gone poorly for us. We’ve
retreated here in near disgrace from defeats on the far side of the Delaware.
General Washington’s July call for an inspired resistance to an unrelenting
enemy, who offers us only perpetual enslavement should we fail, does not now
warm our hearts, fill our bellies nor put shoes upon our feet.
The summer and autumn have treated us cruelly. There was the dreadful loss of
600 dead and 1,000 captured on Long Island.
And the mid-November fall of Fort Washington, with 2,000 men and their arms,
dampened the fires of resolve in many of our hearts.
It was but several days later that Gen. Greene harrowingly escaped capture at Fort Lee upon the
Palisades. He was forced to abandon significant quantities of arms, food, tents
and blankets before joining his forces to our remnant of an army at Hackensack.
Father, the General told us in November that we lost 5,000 of our forces in this
scant time. The discussion turned not on if we should retreat across New
Jersey, but how and to where. I can answer that last question, because I write
to you from the where to which we fled.
We winter on the western shore of the Delaware. The aforementioned hill serves
our lookouts well, giving them a clear view of the Delaware, across which we
know are British forces and their Hessians.
But, to resume this chronicle: We marched from Hackensack to Newark, the rear
guard burning the bridge across which we fled. Our desertions were many, and the
General was most discouraged in his futile attempts to secure reinforcements at
that time. Those who did join us now suffer as greatly as I, or even more, as
most of them are encamped here with neither walls nor roof to shelter them
against the season.
We exited Newark as the British entered at November’s close. The Maryland and
New Jersey militia took their leave of us as scheduled, once we reached New
Brunswick. This loss of hundreds weighed heavily upon the General, but his
dedication did not cease, even when others defected to the better fed and paid
British lines.
I must tell you about our own Captain Alexander Hamilton. He was dispatched by
the General to secure all manner of craft to the western shore of the Delaware.
We argued with the General against this action, but he prevailed, believing that
without the boats in our hands, we’d have little need later for any sustenance.
He also employed Gen. Maxwell in this venture.
I must take my leave of this writing now, as I am greatly wearied by this camp
fever. Others among us have lost their battle against it, so I shall seek some
rest before concluding my letter to you … “
‘Til I write again on Christmas morn, your son James
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Capt. Moore very well may have walked among the troops on Christmas Eve and
Christmas Day, possibly assisted by an aide. Although gravely ill, he might have
felt it his duty to appear, to give encouragement to the enlisted, who were
faring at least as poorly as he.
If you were the captain, and took such a walk, you would have seen fighting men
with no shoes, their feet bound in bloody rags. As they slept, you’d see where
they’d sunk into the snow, their body heat melting the icy surface beneath them.
Camp fires would serve only to cast flickering shadows on the faces and bodies
of men obviously more willing to die than surrender to the British. And perhaps
it would have been you, not they, who would be encouraged by the sight of their
silent, shivering valour.
But your walk probably would have been ended prematurely by your wracking cough,
by the weakness which inhabited your body. Camp fever, which we probably would
call pneumonia today, was a wily and powerful enemy. And so you’d make your way
back to the Thompson-Neely House, at the foot of Bowman’s Hill, where the
debates of the officers had already decided the fate of all these men, and the
generations of children to follow. You’d sleep, maybe, then continue your letter:
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Folks,
‘Tis Christmas Day, and I’ve just wakened. As I resume this letter I fear the
fever was emboldened by last night’s venture through the camp. Sheltered by the
stout walls of this house I am, but my body is not strong enough to make use of
even our meagre rations. A number of the men have passed on during the night,
and they shall be put to rest in the cold, frozen soil above the river. The well
among us will march to Trenton, there to engage the Hessians. I fear I shall
not be among them, as it requires all my will and all my strength just to pen
these lines.
But I hasten too much with my recounting of events for you.
It was our own Alexander Hamilton whose troops covered our withdrawal to
Princeton during our autumn retreat. We now numbered just 3,000, not an imposing
enemy for the British, believed to have fourfold that number of soldiers. The
dearth of wagons in which to carry tents, blankets and other materiel forced us
to abandon and destroy such things. It was an action which is now costing us
dearly in health and morale.
Today there is little wool covering our men, and even what linen there is proves
inadequate. Fever of all sorts, even the typhus, infect us now for lack of
proper and clean clothing. And we have no medical supplies nor wrappings, all
being exhausted weeks ago and local apothecaries being unwilling to accept our
money. Now the officers inhabit this stone building and others like it
downriver, but during the retreat we joined with the men in seeking our rest
upon the ground.
I did not inform you that Thomas Paine has been one of our force. Even without
supplies during our retreat, he was not without pen and paper, and each night
forged words of inspiration for us.
As our withdrawal neared its end upon the Delaware’s Jersey shore, the General
returned to the rear guard at Princeton to supervise the burning of bridges and
felling of trees across highways to impede the British. It was on the 8th of
December that we ferried across the Delaware, while our scouts were reporting
General Howe’s march into Trenton. He did not pursue us. And we learned the
wisdom of our commander when the British later were spied along the eastern
banks of the Delaware from Burlington northward, vainly in search of boats.
Reports came to us of British intentions toward Philadelphia, but we could not
defend that city, and so marched northward. And I have been quartered in this
house since, along with three able companions: Capt. William Washington, Lord
Stirling and Lieutenant James Monroe.
Alas, again I must rest my pen …
‘Til the evening, your loving son, James
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Remember, again, that you are Capt. Moore. Consider your companions during this
time: Thomas Paine, author of ringing words which empowered the spirit of
revolution; James Monroe, just 18, later to become a president of the United
States; George Washington, who would become first president of the United
States; Alexander Hamilton, one of the youngest and most brilliant in the
coterie of brilliant men driven to seek freedom from British rule.
You are just 24, and you unknowingly move among and with men who will define the
history of this nation. It was just the past 23rd day of February, 1776, that
you were recommended to be a Captain Lieutenant of Artillery of the Colony of
New York, an appointment which was fulfilled just five days following the
recommendation. And on the following March 14, Alexander Hamilton, himself not
yet 20, is appointed Captain of the Provincial Company of Artillery of the
Colony of New York, and becomes your commanding officer. He will later
characterize you as a “promising officer.”
And there were others in your company, men whose names later would adorn forts,
counties, streets, buildings, monuments and history books. But now, feeling
rested, you return to your writing:
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Father and mother,
It is the British who have more men bearing arms and who are more warmly clothed
and better-fed, but it is we who have the advantage of an inspiration and
courage the British cannot well-comprehend — inspiration and courage born of
our common hunger for freedom.
Taverns refuse our money, leaving the troops starving with just traces of raw
flour for sustenance. I have little wonder that the General can attract so few
volunteers to our cause.
And even now, this bleak and cold Christmas afternoon, when our troops are
marching south to embark for an engagement with the enemy at Trenton, I lie
bound by this fever to a sickbed, the ropes of illness all the tighter since my
foray among the troops last night. We agreed upon formal plans in this abode
where my illness holds me prisoner. Mrs. Neely has been most gracious toward us,
a willing mother and nurse to men young enough to be her sons and old enough to
be her father. I can hope only that we prevail.
They go, 2,400 in number, vowing to win or die. When darkness strikes, they’ll uncover the boats and land in Jersey. Snow is in the air, a northeast wind carving the faces of the men. I
ache, and I’m weary. Perhaps one more rest before concluding this Christmas
missive.
Lovingly until I can write again,
James
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And if you were Capt. James Moore, you would never again write a word to your
family, chronicling the beginning of a great adventure for mankind. You died
that Christmas Day. And if you had been writing anything, it was never found. In
truth, you did not write this letter, which was fabricated to guide the readers
of this story through time to experience your travail, and your commitment to a
dream.
You never knew the success that began at Trenton, a turning point in the war, a
feat lauded by the British leaders upon their eventual defeat years later. You
were buried that day on the bank at the river’s edge. A nation and a society
were being given the gift of life, and you were a midwife to the delivery, but
you never saw the child’s moment of birth.
You are one of many buried there, and you are the only soldier with an
identifying headstone. Your comrades there in perpetual sleep are unknown,
dreamers willing to risk that they would sleep forever and never see the
fulfillment of their vision.
And you would never know that despite the privations suffered by your fellows
over the five months before the crossing, when Washington’s troops finally had
the Hessians trapped in Trenton, in a spirit of Christmas humanity seldom
matched, they fired their weapons over the heads of their enemies.
Not a single American was slain in the battle. Only you, and your unknown
brethren. Over the years there has been archaeological work at your grave site,
and flags and wreaths regularly are placed there in your honor. A flagpole
springs from a foundation engraved with the names of the 13 Colonies, decorating
your final resting place. Families picnic there, Scouts camp there, and animals
and wildflowers live in profusion.
We do not know if you had married, or had children. We do not know your
education, trade or profession. We can only guess that it was Hamilton who
provided your gravestone. We do not know where in New York you were raised.
But we do know that on Christmas Day, 1776, you died for our nation’s freedom,
away from home and loved ones.
The flowery script on your tombstone at Washington Crossing State Park along the Delaware is the only record of a soldier who died before George Washington’s march on Trenton, N.J.
We wish you a Merry Christmas, and thank you for the many happy holidays you and
your brethren have gifted to those who followed you.